Foundations of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of Finance - Essay Example The explanation states that the utility function formed for wealth is concave in shape. A person who is wealthy has lower marginal utility for any additional wealth. In contrast to it the person who is poor has higher marginal utility for additional wealth. The economist who model risk aversion based on expected utility theory, do so as they arise solely because utility function over wealth is concave. The diminishing value of marginal utility of wealth theory of risk aversion appeals to psychological intuition and helps in explaining some of the large scale risk aversion of humans. The theory also implies that people become risk neutral when stakes are not high. Differentiable utility function is used by expected utility maximize wants to take a small stake in a positive expected value bet. The approx risk neutrality predictions holds not just for smaller and negligible stakes but also for stakes that are of sizeable size and economically important. While it is not often and univers ally appreciated by researchers but the expected utility theory fails to provide a plausible account of risk aversion over modest cases and is considered among some small fractions of researchers in different contexts using different types of utility functions. Let the cable connecting the top of 6 feet tower to junction box be y and the length of the cable connecting the top of 15 feet tower to junction box be z. Let the distance of junction box from the base of 6 feet tower be given by x and the distance of junction box therefore from the 15 feet tower will be given by 20-x. Least cabling is required for the first case if the box is kept at the base of 20 feet tower. Least cost will be required in this case as the cost of the cable that connects 15 feet tower to the junction box is higher than that cable which connects that top of 6 feet tower to the junction box. Efficient frontier is curved chart patter that defines a set of optimal

Hammer Wines Business Report Essay Example for Free

Hammer Wines Business Report Essay Introduction Colin Hammer, after arranging an independent review, has found that many of his employees have been avoiding work and other responsibilities by searching the Internet for non-work related amusements. This act is known as cyber slacking and it is said to cost companies billions of dollars each year and often results in managers blocking or limiting access to certain websites. Concerned for productivity, this report will outline the current usage and array of sites potentially being used by the Hammer Wines employees. The sites include those for entertainment or work purposes, and restrictions based on these findings should be implemented. These restrictions must be forever changing and expanding, as each website has a different effect on the varying departments its respective employees. These modifications will also affect the productivity of Hammer Wines and will be discussed in the report by making an â€Å"internet use† policy. Findings Department Spending Most Time on the Internet Cyberslacking is a prominent occurrence amongst the Hammer Wines employees. However, of all employees, the Receptionists spent the longest time on the Internet throughout the one-week trial (see figure 1.0 below). This may or may not be detrimental to Hammer Wines. Often, receptionists complete their work before their set time, meaning that if they’re browsing the Internet, still answering their phone and have completed required work, productivity will remain normal. Studies also show productivity can increase when employees are less restricted with the Internet. This productivity can swing both ways. Negative productivity will be detrimental to Hammer Wines if the receptionist fails to multitask and therefore ineffectively completes required jobs. Internet Productivity and Cyberslacking From the array of websites (see figure 1.1 below) it is difficult to tell if Cyberslacking is present at Hammer Wines. This is because many websites, such as facebook.com and twitter.com, are huge social marketing websites, but can also used as a cost effective methods for company awareness and advertising. These sites, however, can also be misused for personal use. Unless the employee is caught directly misusing these sites, it is hard to tell weather they are cyberslacking or not. Facebook.com is one example of Cyberslacking. It is Hammer Wines’ second most visited Internet site, being used by Sales and Marketing, Reception, Manufacturing and Distribution, Human Resources @ Training and IT Services. Sales and Marketing are the only employees likely to need the site for work purposes. For all other departments, employees must use Facebook.com for personal interests. Websites, including deals.com are often used for both work and leisure. Reception, Human Resources @ Training, Manufacturing and Distribution, Sales and Marketing are all using this site. Assumptions cannot be made in relation to website use. Human Resources @ Training, Manufacturing and Distributing, and Sales and Marketing departments all have valid work-related grounds to use Deals.com, as it is great for promotional and comparative purposes. IT Services were found to be using Games.com. A total of 120 minutes was recorded throughout the week. This is a website purely dedicated to fun and games. This is the seventh most used website recorded. Although it is only a small fraction of the Internet usage, it is clear that productivity has decreased in the IT department, and through the given statistics, Cyberslacking is present. Similarly, Tatts.com was used by the Sales and Marketing department, for up to 80 minutes throughout the recorded week. Tatts.com is a betting website and has nothing to do with the Sales and Marketing of Hammer Wines. However, productivity can be increased in the workplace, with employees having some freedom on the Internet. The use of social media and other personal websites can release stress and tension, thus not wholly being to the determent of Hammer Wines. Conclusion Hammer Wines has a vast array of websites being used by employees for both personal and work use. Cyberslacking is present amongst all employees, with websites aimed at socialization and productivity which both highly used. This, however, is hard to monitor as some sites – such as Facebook.com or Deals.com are used in the companies Sales and Marketing department, but also used in recreational down time by most, if not all, other departments. It is important for Hammer Wines to implement a strategy to monitor all Internet usage. Receptionist work productivity remained high in correlation to time spent on internet, however, it was obvious the Cyberslacking was overruling the IT department, as they spent 120 hours over the duration of the week on a games and entertainment website. Solution Internet Use Policy Hammer Wines should enforce an â€Å"Internet User Policy† in the employees contract, defining the terms of use for recreational Internet. Any employee found misusing the Internet for purposes strictly other than work, may lead to disciplinary action, and their position at the company may be compromised. Blocking Sites Permanently blocking all Internet sites at Hammer Wines could result in a drop in productivity. Alternatively, a system that allows employees to have an allocated time throughout the day, to specifically visit sites such as Facebook.com and Twitter.com will allow staff members to have high productivity through compromise and strategy. One example of strategic blocking is unblocking all websites for 15 minutes every 3 hours, enabling employees to use restricted sites that coincide with structured break times (lunch, snack and end-of-day). A second option for Hammer Wines is to block all websites, only allowing those who hold a position of authority (manager) or employee that has spoken to someone in a position of authority, to get a specific code to access a blocked website. This code then unblocks all sites and remains unblocked until the page is exited. This could be implemented when departments wish to use sites such as Facebook.com for marketing or promotional purposes.

Ebola Virus Mechanism of Infection

Ebola Virus Mechanism of Infection The Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus, which  together with Marburg virus, makes up the filoviridae family. The virus causes severe  hemorrhagic fever associated with 50-90% human mortality1. Four species of the virus (Zaire,  Sudan, Cà ´te d’Ivoire, and Reston ebolavirus) have thus far been identified, with Zaire typically  associated with the highest human lethality2. A fifth EBOV species is confirmed in a 2007  outbreak in Bundibugyo, Uganda3,4. Infection with EBOV results in uncontrolled viral  replication and multiple organ failure with death occurring 6-9 days after onset of  symptoms5. Fatal cases are associated with high viremia and defective immune responses,  while survival is associated with early and vigorous humoral and cellular immune  responses6-9. Although preliminary vaccine trials in primates have been highly  successful10-13, no vaccines, specific immunotherapeutics, or post-exposure treatments are  currently approved for human use. Since 1994, EBOV outbreaks have increased more than  four-fold, thus necessitating the urgent development of vaccines and therapeutics for use in the  event of an intentional, accidental or natural EBOV release. The EBOV genome contains seven genes, which direct the synthesis of eight proteins. Transcriptional editing of the fourth gene (GP) results in expression of a 676-residue transmembrane-linked glycoprotein termed GP, as well as a 364-residue secreted glycoprotein  termed sGP14,15. EBOV GP is the main target for the design of vaccines and entry inhibitors. GP is post-translationally cleaved by furin16 to yield disulfide-linked GP1 and GP2  subunits17. GP1 effects attachment to host cells, while GP2 mediates fusion of viral and host  membranes16,18-20. EBOV is thought to enter host cells through receptor-mediated  endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits and caveolae21, followed by actin and microtubuledependent  transport to the endosome21, where GP is further processed by endosomal  cathepsins22-24. Essential cellular receptor(s) have not yet been identified, but DC-SIGN/LSIGN25,  hMGL26, ÃŽ ²-integrins27, folate receptor-ÃŽ ±28 and Tyro3 family receptors29 have all  been implicated as cellular factors in entry. Here, we report the crystal structure of EBOV GP,  at 3.4 Ã… resolution, in its trimeric, pre-fusion conformation in complex with neutralizing  antibody Fab KZ52. GP1 is responsible for cell surface attachment, which is probably mediated by a region  including residues 54-20132. GP1 is composed of a single d omain (∠¼65 Ã… Ãâ€" 30 Ã… Ãâ€" 30 Ã…),arranged in the topology shown in Fig. 2a, and can be further subdivided into the (I) base, (II)  head and (III) glycan cap regions (Fig. 2a and Supplemental Fig. S3). The base (I) subdomain  is composed of two sets of ÃŽ ² sheets, forming a semi-circular surface which clamps the internal  fusion loop and a helix of GP2 through hydrophobic interactions (Fig. 2b). Moreover, this  subdomain contains Cys53, which is proposed to form an intermolecular disulfide bridge to  Cys609 of the GP2 subunit17. Cys53 resides near GP2 in the ÃŽ ²2-ÃŽ ²3 loop at the viral membraneproximal  end of the base subdomain (Fig. 2a-b). Our EBOV GP contains an intact GP1-GP2  disulfide bridge, based on reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE analysis. However, the region containing the counterpart GP2 cysteine is disordered, which may reflect functionally  important mobility in the region. The head (II) is located between the base and glycan cap   regions towards the host membrane surface. Two intramolecular disulfide bonds stabilize the  head subdomain and confirm the biochemically determined disulfide bridge assignments17.   Cys108-Cys135 connects a surface-exposed loop (ÃŽ ²8-ÃŽ ²9 loop) to strand ÃŽ ²7, while Cys121-Cys147 bridges the ÃŽ ²8-ÃŽ ²9 and ÃŽ ²9-ÃŽ ²10 loops (Fig. 2a). The glycan cap (III) contains four  predicted N-linked glycans (at N228, N238, N257 and N268) in an ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ² dome over the GP1  head subdomain (Fig. 1b and 2a). This subdomain does not form any monomer-monomer  contacts and is fully exposed on the upper and outer surface of the chalice. The central ÃŽ ² sheets  from the head and glycan cap together form a fairly flat surface and, in the context of the GP  trimer, form the three inner sides of the chalice bowl. Ebola virus GP2 GP2 is responsible for fusion of viral and host cell membranes and contains the internal fusion  loop and the heptad repeat regions, HR1 and HR2. Many viral glycoproteins have fusion  peptides, located at the N terminus of their fusion subunit, which are released upon cleavage  of the precursor glycoprotein. By contrast, class II and class III fusion proteins, as well as class  I glycoproteins from Ebola, Marburg, Lassa and avian sarcoma leukosis viruses, contain  internal fusion loops lacking a free N terminus. The crystal structure reveals that the EBOV  GP internal fusion loop, which encompasses residues 511-556, utilizes an antiparallel ÃŽ ²Ã‚  stranded scaffold to display a partially helical hydrophobic fusion peptide (L529, W531, I532,  P533, Y534 and F535) (Fig. 2c). The side chains of these hydrophobic residues pack into a  region on the GP1 head of a neighboring subunit in the trimer, reminiscent of the fusion peptide  packing in the pre-fusion parainfluenz a virus 5 F structure33. A disulfide bond between Cys511  at the base of ÃŽ ²19 and Cys556 in the HR1 helix covalently links the antiparallel ÃŽ ² sheet. This  disulfide bond between the internal fusion loop and HR1 is conserved among all filoviruses,  and is analogous to a pair of critical cysteines flanking the internal fusion loop in avian sarcoma  leukosis virus34,35. Interestingly, the EBOV internal fusion loop has features more similar to  those observed in class II and III viral glycoproteins (in particular to flaviviruses) than those  previously observed for class I glycoproteins (Supplemental Fig. S4). It thus appears that  regardless of viral protein class, internal fusion loops share a common architecture for their  fusion function. EBOV GP2 contains two heptad repeat regions (HR1 and HR2), connected by a 25-residue  linker containing a CX6CC motif and the internal fusion loop. The crystal structures of postfusion  GP2 fragments30,31 have revealed that the two heptad repeat regions form antiparallel  ÃŽ ± helices and that a CX6CC motif forms an intrasubunit disulfide bond between Cys601 and  Cys608 (Supplemental Fig. S5). In the pre-fusion EBOV GP, HR2 and the CX6CC motif are  disordered. By contrast, the HR1 region is well ordered and can be divided into four segments:  HR1A, HR1B, HR1C and HR1D (Fig. 2c), which together assemble the cradle encircling GP1. Similarly, heptad repeat regions in influenza and parainfluenza viruses also contain multiple  segments in their pre-fusion helices that substantially rearrange in their post-fusion  conformations33,36,37. The first two segments, HR1A and HR1B (residues 554-575), together form an ÃŽ ± helix with an  Ã¢Ë† ¼40 ° kink at T565, which delineates HR1A from HR1B. Interestingly, the bend between  HR1A and HR1B contains an unusual 3-4-4-3 stutter, which may act as a conformational  switch31, rather than the typical 3-4 periodicity of heptad repeats (Supplemental Fig. S6). A  similar stutter has also been noted in parainfluenza virus 5 F33. The Ebola virus HR1C (residues  576-582) forms an extended coil linking HR1B to the 14-residue ÃŽ ± helix of HR1D (residues  583-598). HR1D forms an amphipathic helix and the hydrophobic faces of each HR1D join to  form a three-helix bundle at the trimer interface. Although the breakpoint maps directly to a  Lee et al. Page 3 Nature. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 June 22. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript  chloride ion binding site in the post-fusion conformation of GP230,31 and at least two other  viruses38,39, no chloride ion is observed here as HR1 and HR2 do not come together to form  the six-helix bundle. Instead, the pre-fusion GP2 adopts a novel conformation, intimately  curled around GP1 (Fig. 1c). Ebola virus GP-KZ52 interface KZ52 is an antibody isolated from a human survivor of a 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic  Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)40. This antibody neutralizes Zaire ebolavirus in  vitro40 and offers protection from lethal EBOV challenge in rodent models41, but has minimal  effects on viral pathogenicity in non-human primates42. KZ52 is directed towards a vulnerable,  non-glycosylated epitope at the base of the GP chalice, where it engages three discontinuous  segments of EBOV GP: residues 42-43 at the N terminus of GP1, and 505-514 and 549-556  at the N terminus of GP2 (Fig. 3 and Supplemental Fig. S7). Although the majority of the GP  surface buried by KZ52 belongs to GP2, the presence of both GP1 and GP2 are critical for  KZ52 recognition43. It is likely that GP1 is required to maintain the proper pre-fusion  conformation of GP2 for KZ52 binding. Indeed, KZ52 is the only antibody known to bridge  both attachment (GP1) and fusion (GP2) subunits of any viral gly coprotein. Given that KZ52  requires a conformational epitope seen only in the GP2 pre-fusion conformation and that the  KZ52 epitope is distant from the putative receptor-binding site (RBS), KZ52 likely neutralizes  by preventing rearrangement of the GP2 HR1A/HR1B segments and blocking host membrane  insertion of the internal fusion loop. Alternatively, IgG KZ52 may sterically hinder access to  the RBS or to a separate binding site of another cellular factor, especially if multiple attachment  events are required for entry. The KZ52 epitope of GP is convex and does not have a high shape complementarity to the  antibody (Sc index of 0.63), although ∠¼1600 Ã…2 of each GP monomer are occluded upon KZ52  binding. The antibody contacts a total of 15 GP residues by van der Waals interactions and 8  direct hydrogen bonds (Supplemental Fig. S7). Ten out of 15 residues in the structurally defined  KZ52 epitope are unique to Zaire ebolavirus (Supplemental Fig. S6), thus explaining the Zaire  specificity of KZ52. Ebola virus GP glycosylation We generated a fully glycosylated molecular model of EBOV GP to illustrate the native GP  trimer as it exists on the viral surface (Fig. 4). The majority of N-linked glycosylation sites are  concentrated in the mucin-like domain and glycan cap of GP1. Given that the mucin-like  domain is ∠¼75 kDa in mass (protein and oligosaccharide), the volume of this domain is  predicted to be similar to each GP monomer observed here. The crystal structure suggests that  the mucin-like domain is linked to the side of each monomer and may further build up the walls  of the chalice, forming a deeper bowl (Fig. 4). Although a mixture of complex, oligomannose  and hybrid-type glycans are found on intact, mucin-containing GP144, those glycans outside  the mucin-like domain are likely to be complex in nature: the mucin-deleted GP used for  crystallization is sensitive to PNGaseF, but not to EndoH treatment (Supplemental Fig. S8).   Modeling of complex-type oligosaccharides on the EBOV GP indicates that the majority of  the GP trimer is cloaked by a thick layer of oligosaccharide, even without the mucin-like  domain (Fig. 4). The ∠¼19 additional oligosaccharides on the full-length GP (17 on the mucinlike  domain and 2 more on GP1, disordered here) further conceal the sides and top of the  chalice. The KZ52 binding site and, presumably, the flexible regions of HR2 and the  membrane-proximal external region (MPER) remain exposed and perhaps vulnerable to  binding of antibodies and inhibitors. Lee The development of neutralizing antibodies is limited in natural Ebola virus infection. Many  survivors have low or insignificant titres1,7, and those antibodies that are elicited preferentially  recognize a secreted version of the viral glycoprotein that features an alternate quaternary  structure and lacks the mucin-like domain43. The glycocalyx surrounding EBOV GP likely  forms a shield that protects it from humoral immune responses and/or confers stability insideor outside a host. The mucin-like domain and glycan cap sit together as an external domain to  the viral attachment and fusion subunits, reminiscent of the glycan shields of HIV-1  gp12045,46   and Epstein-Barr virus gp35047, perhaps pointing to a common theme for immune  evasion. Alignment of filoviral sequences indicate that regions involved in immune evasion  have a low degree of sequence conservation [i.e. GP1 glycan cap (∠¼5%) and mucin-like domain  (0%)], but the N-glycosylation sites in the glycan cap are mostly conserved among all EBOV  subtypes (Supplemental Fig. S6), indicating the functional importance of these posttranslational  modifications. Sites of receptor binding and cathepsin cleavage Although a definitive receptor for EBOV remains to be identified, previous studies32,48,49  have determined that residues 54-201, which map to the base and head subdomains of GP1,  form a putative receptor-binding site (RBS) for attachment to host cells. Additional  experimental studies have identified at least 19 GP1 residues, assigned into four groups based  on the location in the structure, that are critical for viral entry48-50 (Fig. 5). Many of these  residues are apolar or aromatic and are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of GP1  for receptor binding or fusion. However, six residues (K114, K115, K140, G143, P146 and  C147) cluster within a ∠¼20 Ãâ€" 15 Ã… surface in the inner bowl of the chalice and may thus  represent important receptor contact sites. All residues in the putative RBS are highly conserved  among Ebola virus species (Supplemental Fig. S6). Importantly, this putative RBS is recessed beneath the glycan cap and perhaps further masked  by the mucin-like domain (Fig. 4), suggesting that additional conformational change or removalof the mucin-like domain could reveal additional surfaces required for receptor or cofactor  binding. It has been demonstrated that endosomal proteolysis of EBOV GP by cathepsin L  and/or B removes the mucin-like domain to produce a stable ∠¼18 kDa GP1 intermediate which  has enhanced viral binding and infectivity22-24. The precise site of cathepsin cleavage is  unknown and the role of cathepsins in natural infection is as yet unclear. However, formation  of an ∠¼18 kDa GP1 fragment implies that cathepsin may cleave near the GP1 ÃŽ ²13-ÃŽ ²14 loop  (residues 190-213). Indeed, this loop is unresolved in the pre-fusion structure, suggesting  enhanced mobility and accessibility to enzymatic cleavage. Cleavage within this loop would  remove the entire mucin-like domain and glyc an cap region (Fig. 5). As a result, ÃŽ ²7 to ÃŽ ²9  strands and their associated loops would become exposed. These regions of GP are in proximity  to the previously identified residues critical for viral entry. The fold, location and  physicochemical properties of this site should now provide new leads in the search for the  elusive filoviral receptor(s). A summary of the Ebola virus mechanism of infection, including the events of cathepsin  cleavage and conformational changes to GP2 during fusion, is presented.

Essay --

The 1960s was one of the most eventful and perhaps the most troublesome decade in India’s post-Independence era. This decade saw major events like the two wars – one each with China and Pakistan, the annexation of Goa, the deaths of Nehru and Shastri, the Bihar famine,the abolition of privy purses etc. Near the end of the decade, the then prime minister of India, Indira Gandhi, took another major policy decision -- the bank nationalisation. In 1969 the Government of India decided to nationalise 14 major private commercial banks. Bank nationalisation was not a new concept for India as in 1955 the Imperial Bank of India was nationalised and renamed as State bank of India (SBI). In 1959 seven subsidiaries of SBI were formed by nationalising seven state banks. But it was the 1969 nationalisation that caused maximum impact on political and economic spectrum so much so that even Jayaprakash Narayan called this step as ‘a masterstroke in political sagacity’. Decision to nationalise the banks, which has both political and economic undertones, has to be analysed by considering the then prevailing conditions. After centuries of foreign rule and economic exploitation, the independant India had just started its march towards socio-economic development with a dream of creating equitable society by alleviating the widespread poverty. India had adopted the path of planned economic development which envisaged social i.e. governmental control over the means of production. First two plans laid stress on creating heavy industries which would serve as base of economic development. From third plan major emphasis was given on agricultural development with the aim of achiving self-sufficiency in food production and thus tackle the grave issue of ... ... like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa etc. After nationalisation the professional management made way for public maganemet which caused lower efficiency. As social welfare took precedance over profits many banks started suffering heavy losses. The political interference in daily administration of banks increased which led to rampant corruption. Although the banking habits in rural areas improved significantly menace of illigal moneylenders could not be curbed in large parts of India. In conclusion, it has be accepted that despite all the demerits the nationalisation of banks was a major step in towards the creation of equitable society. Public sector banks later went on to become catalyst in success of green revolution. In an agrarian economy, bringing banking system under public control was a major shot in the arm for the socialist government of Indira Gandhi.

Victory speech

Good evening America†¦. I stand here before you, overwhelmed by the final verdict of our unique nation. I, Paris Hilton am the first female candidate to have won the position of Presidency in this great country of ours. I have achieved the unthinkable! Once again, America has demonstrated her ability to be different. While, I know, the pressure I expect to face in the coming years will be a lot, I promise that I will deliver on the trust and faith all of you have reposed in me. The Democrats have always striven hard to win and I symbolize them and thank them for the support they have given me. The last President, Barack Obama, America's first African-American President, as some of us here know, has given me support throughout my campaign. I thank him for this†¦ My fellow Americans, I promise you that I will bring success but not without some hiccups. BE STRONG and TRUST me, for those who do not, in time I will hopefully prove to you that I am the right person to burden all these responsibilities on. I believe that a country should be run and managed just like we American women manage our houses – orderly, neat, clean and well planned. I want to make changes in our internal policies to ensure that this understanding of mine is effectively executed. The revenue department also should be run the way I run my household budgets – Americans, we must learn to spend only what we earn – this is the only answer to our deficit balance of payments problem. The White House has been standing for the last two centuries and for the first time in its history; I am going to use my redecoration budget on the out side rather than the inside. I plan to make a historical change. I have decided, as some of you know, that the White House is going to be painted pink. Many people will object but please do understand that this is necessary. It is befitting for a woman President to create the correct ambience for all the people who visit her. My father and mother tried to discourage me in the beginning but seeing my determination supported me through thick and thin. Thank you dad, thank you mom, I hope I don't let you down now. I promise I will behave this time. I would like to thank Michelle, my designer for the outstanding evening gowns that she created. The dresses went a long way in attracting big crowds. People were curious to see how I would look at every event. The media was fantastic in portraying my pictures in the best light. The swimsuits that I auctioned helped me get money for my campaign. I must also thank Diana, my hair stylist for her unstinting support. The new styles she created were ones that the public personally adored. Their hard work has paid off and helped me win this hard-fought campaign Throughout my campaign all 17 of my dogs travelled with me across this vast nation. There were many difficulties they faced but they did not falter even once. They ate what was given to them and never complained about lack of sleep or comfort. Without them, I could never have fought so long or so strong. This brings me to the pet licensing policy and one of the first things to address is that an American will be allowed to keep a maximum of twenty animals in the house, without a licence. Before I started campaigning I had acted in some movies and none of them were great hits. Therefore another policy that I have decided to make is that every movie I act in must run in every theatre tax-free everyday. This must continue for one month†¦ I will not endorse anybody driving under the influence of alcohol because after the experience of being in jail for drunken driving, I realise that it is no fun. Teenagers and adults – listen to your President – don't drink and drive. However, this experience has not gone in vain. I appreciate the problems prisoners face in jail. The inmate's orange clothing is poorly designed. It made me look fat and clashed horribly with my hair. I hope during my term as President, I can address some of these issues. I propose to invite some of the world's top designers to suggest new designs for the inmate's clothing. A lot of people wondered why a successful fashion socialite and struggling singer like myself should run for the office of the nation's President. I would like to take this opportunity to explain one of the most important reasons for this decision. Most of you know that I have grown up in the lap of luxury and have never had to work for a living. However, some months ago, my grandfather decided to pledge his wealth to charity. My Porsche, BMW and Mercedes were repossessed. I was even evicted from my Fifth Avenue apartment in New York. This is why I had to stand for elections – to earn the salary that the President is paid with free accommodation and transportation thrown in. Come, my countrymen and join me to create a new page in history. Let us all work together in harmony to create a more fashionable and enjoyable TOMORROW. And for tonight†¦. LET†S PARTY!!

Cuánto ganan las enfermeras en Estados Unidos

Cunto ganan las enfermeras en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, enfermerà ­a es una de las profesiones mejor pagadas y con mayor demanda de profesionales. Los salarios varà ­an segà ºn la especialidad, titulacià ³n, lugar de trabajo, aà ±os trabajados e, incluso, lugar de desempeà ±o laboral. Esta este artà ­culo se informa sobre cunto ganan de media las enfermeras en Estados Unidos, segà ºn datos de Medscape, Nurse Salary, PayScale y el Bureau de Estadà ­sticas Oficiales y teniendo en cuenta las tres grandes categorà ­as en las que se divide esta profesià ³n: LPN/LVP, tambià ©n conocidas como enfermeras vocacionalesRN, por las siglas en inglà ©s de Enfermeras RegistradasNP, por siglas en inglà ©s de Enfermeras Practicantes Finalmente, se especifican quà © documentos legales son necesarios para trabajar en Estados Unidos y quà © tipos de visa se pueden obtener para trabajar en el campo de la enfermerà ­a. Cunto ganan las LPN/LVP en Estados Unidos Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) son el equivalente de lo que en muchos paà ­ses hispanohablantes se conoce como auxiliar de enfermerà ­a. Desde el punto de vista acadà ©mico, los LVN y LPN se caracterizan por no haber cursado estudios universitarios de licenciatura en este rubro, sin embargo, deben pasar el examen de que se conoce como NCLEX-PN para trabajar en cualquiera de los 50 estados de EE.UU., el Distrito de Columbia y los territorios de Guam, Samoa, Marianas e Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas. De hecho, es posible trabajar como LVP o LPN con sà ³lo cursado la high school –lo que en algunos paà ­ses se llama bachillerato, prepa o liceo–, y, adems, haber completado ciertos cursos tà ©cnicos. Pueden ocuparse de de curar heridas, baà ±ar y dar de comer a los enfermos, poner inyecciones y similares. En la actualidad, el salario medio anual de LVP y de LPN a tiempo completo es de $42.400 brutos, es decir, antes de descontar impuestos. Para los que trabajan a tiempo parcial el pago medio es de $20,30 por hora. Sin embargo, existen grandes diferencias segà ºn el tipo de trabajo que se realiza, conocimientos acadà ©micos adicionales, experiencia, etc. Entre los factores que determinan el salario se encuentra el lugar geogrfico en el que se trabaja. Asà ­, los estados en los que LVP y LPN comandan las mejores nà ³minas son Connecticut, Nevada y Alaska, con salarios anuales promedio superiores a $52.000 brutos. En el otro lado de la balanza se encuentran Virginia Occidental, Dakota del Sur y Alabama, donde los salarios son ms bajos para estos profesionales. Por regià ³n, el rea no metropolitana donde los salarios son ms altos en el rea del sureste de Alaska y el rea metropolitana con mejor salario es la conformada por San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood, donde el salario bruto anual medio es de $60.550. En la actualidad hay ms de 718.000 LVP y LPN trabajando en Estados Unidos, siendo los estados de Texas, California, Nueva York, Florida y Ohio los que emplean un mayor nà ºmero. Salarios de Enfermeras Registradas (RN) en Estados Unidos La mayorà ­a de las enfermeras en Estados Unidos pertenecen a esta categorà ­a. Pueden empezar a trabajar con estudios universitarios medios, lo que equivale a un Associate ´s Degree en USA. Si tienen una licenciatura, (B.S. por sus siglas en inglà ©s)  ganan ms. En todo caso, para trabajar en Estados Unidos, en cualquiera de los 50 estados, Washington D.C.. y todos sus territorios excepto Puerto Rico, es necesario pasar el examen que se conoce como NCLEX-RN. La isla de Puerto Rico sigue su propio sistema de certificacià ³n, pero los profesionales puertorriqueà ±os que desean trabajar en uno de los 50 estados o en los otros territorios de la Unià ³n necesitan pasar dicho examen. En la actualidad, el salario medio anual bruto de una RN a tiempo completo es de $67.930, mientras que para las RN a tiempo parcial el pago medio por hora es de $32.66. California, Hawaii y Massachussets son los estados en los que los salarios son ms altos, superando de media los $90.000 anuales brutos. Por otro lado, en Iowa es donde se obtiene el peor salario, siendo la media de $52.540 brutos anuales para RN a tiempo completo. Por reas, la que comanda los mejores salarios para RN es el rea conformada por San Josà ©-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, en el estado de California, donde el ingreso bruto anual medio es de $122.990. En cuanto a las especialidades que ms ganan dentro de la categorà ­a de RN destacan de anestesias, cuidados crà ­ticos o Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos y tambià ©n las comadronas certificadas. Pero sin duda la especialidad mejor pagada entre las RN es la de enfermerà ­a anestesista registrada y certificada (CRNA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Han concluido estudios de maestrà ­a con especialidad en anestesias y han aprobado un examen de certificacià ³n nacional aunque cada estado puede establecer regulaciones adicionales. Adems, en muchos estados pueden trabajar sin estar bajo la supervisià ³n de un mà ©dico anestesista. Pueden hacer una labor muy similar a estos, pero le resultan ms baratas a los hospitales. Esta es una especialidad conocida por sus altos niveles de estrà ©s y largas horas de trabajo. El salario medio de un profesional CRNA es de $157.000, siendo el punto de entrada $105.000 y siendo el punto ms alto $242.000 anuales brutos. En Estados Unidos, la distribucià ³n entre hombres y mujeres CRNA es prcticamente igual, habiendo un poco ms de varones en total. Es una de las pocas reas en enfermerà ­a donde los hombres son tan numerosos. Salario enfermeras especializadas o Nurse Practitioner (NP) Las enfermeras especializadas, conocidas en inglà ©s como Nurse Practitioner o NP, han completado, como mà ­nimo, estudios de maestrà ­a en esa especialidad. En algunos estados pueden recetar y trabajar independientemente de un mà ©dico. En la actualidad, el salario medio anual bruto es de $91.540 para las NP a tiempo completo. en el supuesto de trabajar a tiempo parcial, el pago medio bruto por hora se sità ºa en $43,97. Las diferencias de sueldo son grande, dependiendo de la especializacià ³n. Las que ms cobran son las especialistas en cuidado de recià ©n nacidos, en psiquiatrà ­a (ARNP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y cuidado de ancianos (AGNP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En este à ºltimo caso, se prima con ms salario los conocimientos en mbitos mà ©dicos adicionales como diabetes o cuidados paliativos. Por geografà ­a, Alaska, Hawaii y Oregà ³n son los estados con los mejores salarios mientras que por reas, la metropolitana con sueldos ms altos en San Josà ©-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, en California, y en zona no rural el rea oriental del estado de Nuevo Mà ©xico. Por otro lado, los estados donde las NP reciben los salarios ms bajos son Illinois, Virginia Occidental y la ciudad de Washington D.C. Se estima que un total de 105.780 NP ejercen su profesià ³n en la actualidad en Estados Unidos, siendo California, Nueva York, Florida, Texas y Massachusetts los estados con ms trabajo. Visa para trabajar como enfermera/o a Estados Unidos Para trabajar legalmene en Estados Unidos es necesario tener una situacià ³n migratoria que permita hacerlo. Obviamente, los ciudadanos americanos pueden hacerlo, aunque en el caso de profesiones como la enfermerà ­a necesitan convalidar sus estudios si los han obtenido en otro paà ­s. Todos los que no son ciudadanos necesitan uno de estos tres documentos: tarjeta de residencia permanente, siendo vlida la que est sellada en el pasaporte permiso de trabajo,  que se dan en circunstancias muy concretas Visa de trabajo  que debe patrocinar el empleador En ocasiones, los empleadores estadounidenses pueden animarse a patrocinar una visa de trabajo. Las personas interesadas en explorar esta và ­a pueden consultar estas  10 agencias que buscan empresas que patrocinan y acompaà ±an a enfermeras extranjeras en el proceso de validar estudios y aprobar exmenes necesarios para poder trabajar en EU. En el caso de egresados en enfermerà ­a de nacionalidad mexicana siempre es particularmente de interà ©s consultar el enlace anterior ya que para ellos hay habilitado la visa TN para profesionales y la enfermerà ­a est incluida en el listado. Adems, todos los extranjeros sin importar nacionalidad pueden intentar buscar un patrocinador de una visa visas H-1B para profesionales. Si bien hay que tener en cuenta que cada aà ±o fiscal el nà ºmero de solicitudes para este tipo de visa supera al cupo disponible, por lo que se acaba determinando quià ©n gana la visa por loterà ­a. Si bien en este punto es conveniente destacar dos caracterà ­sticas de la visa H-1B. En primer lugar, las instituciones de investigacià ³n y educativas pueden patrocinar estas visas sin là ­mite anual en el nà ºmero. Por lo tanto, si se consigue un patrocinar de esta clase, podrà ­a obtenerse la visa en cualquier momento del aà ±o. En segundo lugar, los chilenos tienen reservado un nà ºmero de visas H-1B que sà ³lo ellos pueden utilizar. Como regla general, la oferta es superior a la demanda por lo que si se obtiene patrocinador y se cumplen todos los requisitos para obtener la visa, no habrà ­a, en principio, el problema de que se acabaron las visas H-1B para el aà ±o presente. Cuando mayor salario no equivale a mayor nivel de vida. El cobrar ms no siempre equivale a que se vive mejor ya que en Estados Unidos se pagan impuestos muchas veces ms altos que en el paà ­s de origen y adems las cosas son ms caras. Por esta razà ³n este  comparativo  salarial de 18 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses teniendo en cuenta diferencias en canasta alimentaria puede resultar de interà ©s para clarificar la situacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.